Prof. Ajit Kumar Kolar: Greetings from IIT Madras Heritage Centre.

Today at the Centre we are in conversation

with Professor Vedantam Murali Krishna Sastry

known as Professor V. M. K. Sastry

who was here in IIT Madras

as a faculty member from 1970 to 1998.

I will give you a brief introduction, and then

we will have a conversation about the

history of IIT Madras as Professor

Sastry looks at it during his tenure in this institute.

Professor V. M. K. Sastry graduated from the first

IIT which is at Kharagpur,

then he did his Master's in Indian Institute of Science

Bangalore, then his Ph.D. from

University of Illinois at Chicago Circle Campus, Chicago

in the area of Heat Transfer

he worked with Professor James Hartnett:

highly reputed Heat Transfer researchers of those times.

He worked in IIT Kanpur for some time,

he joined IIT Madras in 1970

in the Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Particularly, he was associated with the Heat

Transfer and Thermal Power Laboratory.

He went on to become the Head of the Department

of Mechanical Engineering from 1986 to 1990.

Later, he was the Dean of Academic Research

and he was the member of Board of Governors

when he retired in 1998.

He also is the Founder Professor

of ETC that is a Educational Technology Centre

which is now a very big part of the IIT Madras outreach,

especially through the NPTEL Programme.

He was Chairman of the Vanavani Committee,

and also he was Warden of Cauvery Hostel.

So, Professor Sastry has tremendous...

A long and vast experience in the IIT system,

first as a student, undergraduate student in IIT Kharagpur,

and then ending up as the member of

the Board of Governors at IIT Madras.

So he has seen the IITM...IIT system grow

from its initial...almost the beginning of the 1950s

up to '98, but then even now, although he is

officially outside the IIT system for the last 20 years,

he has been a very keen observer,

external observer of the growth of the IIT system,

IIT Madras. So, it is our pleasure to have Professor Sastry today,

to get his perspective of the IIT Madras

and IIT system in general. Welcome, Professor Sastry.

Thank You. We are very happy that you are here...

Prof. V. M. K. Sastry: Thank you, Professor Kolar. Prof. Kolar: today.

I would like to start by

asking you what were the circumstances under which you

came to IIT Madras from United States,

especially you joined the

Heat Transfer and Thermal Power Lab,

the academic and research environment,

especially also with respect to Heat Transfer subject,

kindly say few words about it.

Prof. Sastry: First of all, after graduating from IISc Bangalore

that is my Master's,

I was quite...deeply influenced by Dr. Ramachandran,

because though I was doing my

Master's Degree in Foundry Engineering,

he was actually handling the subject of Heat Transfer to us.

So I did his project work under him

and then I worked in an industry for a year,

but then I wanted to shift it to teaching line.

So I thought teaching line if I want to

really contribute, I must have a Ph.D.

So I was in search of a guide for Ph.D.,

and in that process I went first of all to

IIT Kharagpur as a lecturer.

So I was not very successful in finding a Ph.D. guide.

So I shifted to IIT Kanpur.

So there, one Professor Richard Zimmerman from Ohio...

Ohio State University, he actually accepted me to work under him.

But because of some policy issues involving

both Indian side as well as American side,

you know unlike Germany,

the assistance from United States was basically a private

affair; not from the government,

it is what is called an IIT...the...the...the University Consortium

of about 9 universities joining together,

and because of that, there was policy differences,

and the American side objected

that until the entire B.Tech. programme is in place,

you cannot have even faculty members working part-time for Ph.D.

Prof. Kolar: This was in the early 1960s. Prof. Sastry: This was in 1962.

So after a year, the American Professor said,

"Sastry, if you want to really get a Ph.D.,

go abroad." That is how I ended up in the United States.

So after my Ph.D., I joined the faculty of the University of Illinois also,

and when I was there working, 1969,

I got a letter from Professor Ramachandran

who was already by that time, the Director of IIT Madras.

So he said, "Why don't you come and join the

Mechanical Engineering Department?" So I said "Yes, I can do,

but I am now working on a NASA project,

so one more year I need,

so can I have a joining time of one year?"

With his, you know, very broad minded outlook.

He said, "Why not?"

So that is how I...

Basically, in those days you know, the people who went abroad,

they were not willing to settle down there,

they just wanted to increa...improve their qualifications and then get back.

That means basically Bharat Mata calling back.

So that is how the situation was, and I returned.

So I...was supposed to come

and join this '70 academic session, July,

but then my professor and guide,

Dr. Hartnett, he said that

"Now you are going to India,

and we don't really see..."

He was actually the...the very prominent...

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, that is

the international journal, he was the editor.

So he said, "We are not really receiving many

articles...research articles in the

area of Heat Transfer from India.

So, for you to really work in this area,

it may be a good idea, if you meet several of the

international experts in Heat Transfer."

So they said...that's why in

August of 1970, the...there was the Paris

Fourth International Heat Transfer Conference.

So he said, "I will introduce you to a lot of

people there, why don't you come and..."

Because our paper also was there.

So, present it and then go.

So I requested Dr. Ramachandran,

"Is it ok if I join instead of the

beginning of the academic year,

in the middle of the year if I join, is it ok?"

He jumped at the opportunity and he really,

you know that shows actually the vision of Dr. Ramachandran.

Prof. Kolar: And he himself was a Heat Transfer person, basically. Prof. Sastry: He was himself a Heat Transfer person.

So he said, “That's a very good idea,

you come and join, after attending those things.”

So I came here, and because it was in the middle of the

academic session, I had not much teaching work to do.

So, in fact, it was a tremendous experience

for me to interact with him because,

on the first day when I met him in his office,

he said, “Sastry, this lab used to be called a Steam Lab.”

So after I came here, I changed the name

to ‘Heat Transfer and Thermal Power.’

This is very important from the history of the Heat

Transfer research in the country and in IIT Madras,

it was called a ‘Steam Power Lab,’

Prof. Sastry: Steam Power Lab. Prof. Kolar: Under Professor Narjes

But Professor Ramachandran, because

he was a Heat Transfer person,

he said, “We should have a Heat Transfer specialization.”

So he changed the name,

Professor Narjes was the head

and then ’70, Professor Sastry came in.

Prof. Sastry: So, I… Mr. Kumaran Sathasivam: But when had the lab been set up, sir?

Mr. Sathasivam: How many years had it been running? Prof. Sastry: It was set up in the beginning itself.

In fact, there was one

Professor from University of Stuttgart, Professor [indistinct].

He was also a member of the

German Committee which established IIT.

So, he actually was working in…the…in…in

Stuttgart, it was basically a Steam Lab, you know.

Mr. Sathasivam: It was a replica of… Prof. Sastry: Replica of that one

Mr. Sathasivam: The Stuttgart lab. Yes.

So, I…I came and then Dr. Ramachandran said,

“Though I changed the name,

whatever facilities you want, we will try to provide.

Can you, at least after 4 or 5 years,

make this Heat Transfer Lab

a real good Heat Transfer Lab

which is really doing reasonably good work in…in the area.”

Sir, excuse me, was Heat Transfer

being taught as a subject in any IIT or

other institutions in the country at that time?

To my knowledge there was…Heat

Transfer was not being taught at all

in any institution. Maybe,

I may be wrong, maybe Professor Sukhatme in IIT Bombay,

might have started, but I doubt it because as

undergraduate curriculum, it was not part of that.

So in fact, that is the one of the reasons why

Dr. Ramachandran particularly said,

“First of all let us develop a

Master's degree programme in Heat Transfer.”

So, now, that you don't have any teaching load,

why don't you design a 2 year

programme…M.Tech. programme,

in the area…in the subject of Heat Transfer.”

So, I worked on it for a couple of months.

So I made a detailed programme,

the curriculum was completely finalized,

then Dr. Ramachandran looked at it,

he approved, and he said that…until that time,

the Master’s Degree programme in Mechanical Engineering,

was…was only involving I think two or three areas:

One is Advanced Thermal Power,

Machine Design and probably Manufacturing.

I am not very sure.

So he said, “Let us have a regular programme.”

And then when he was quite certain that

there should be a 2 year programme

Master’s degree programme in several areas,

he asked the Department of Mechanical Engineering staff

there are almost about 10 labs

in the Mechanical Engineering.

So he said, “Each lab, each special area,

you should have a similar programme.”

So that's why by 1971, Prof. Kolar: Yes.

You know all the labs of Mechanical Engineering Department,

each department for example,

the M.Tech. programme in Combustion

M.Tech. programme in Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning…like that

all these 10 programmes actually were developed

and that's how it started in 1971.

But more importantly, what

Dr. Ramachandran suggested is that Heat…

Heat Transfer is an engineering science,

it was neither engineering nor science.

That…it used to be taught in Mechanic…Chemical Engineering also

as a more of…as a practical thing rather than

providing theoretical basis for it.

So, Dr. Ramachandran suggested

that we should also see that institutions like

Guindy Engineering College and other

engineering colleges in the country,

they also adopt this particular thing.

So he…I called actually, I arranged a

summer programme for 4 weeks

for teachers in the particular Thermal area.

So, 50 institutions actually participated for this 4…

So for that, what we did was, we actually

had this 4-week summer programme for these teachers,

along with that, we also tried to help them

by developing a lab manual.

For example, ‘How many experiments you can

conduct in Heat Transfer Lab.’

And that was quite a success because,

for the next 4-5 years, because in most of these

colleges you know, they have to go through a…

long drawn out procedure

to have any syllabus changes occurring,

because there should be a university level and all that.

So that is the reason why it took some time,

but eventually, a large number of institutions in the country

started teaching Heat Transfer as a

subject in the undergraduate programme.

I remember this very well sir because I

joined in ‘71 with you

and I was part of that first M.Tech. course specialization.

So, the point here is that

the…Heat Transfer for teaching undergraduate students

and bringing that into the Master’s programme,

actually was done by IIT Madras,

with the encouragement of Professor Ramachandran, and

Professor Sastry was there and Professor M. V. Krishnamurthy Prof. Sastry: Yes.

Prof. Kolar: was in the Refrigeration Lab. Prof. Sastry: Refrigeration Lab.

That's how Heat Transfer took routes

probably Professor Sukhatme who was a

Prof. Kolar: student of Professor [indistinct]. Prof. Sastry: [Indistinct] of.

And then…he is a Heat Transfer man, he had…

also was…sir, how about Professor A. K. Mohanty,

did he participate in this…from IIT Kharagpur?

Prof. Sastry: At that time he did not, but Prof. Kolar: Okay

basically what Mohanty was doing was,

he was in the…of course, Mechanical Engineering Department

in IIT Kharagpur, but when we…to actually

go ahead with this…1971 when we had this,

Dr. Ramachandran…you know, he is a…

in fact, I greatly respect him because he had Prof. Kolar: Yeah.

tremendous vision of so many things. Prof. Kolar: Yes.

One thing is this ‘Introduction of Heat Transfer’ as a

basic core course in the undergraduate programme

all across the country that is number 1.

Number 2, he said, that…“How about research?”

And I am really quite

surprised that he called me and he said,

“Now we will take admission for Ph.D. students,

so, take some.” Then

Dr. Kolar was one of the first ones.

So there are 3 students.

In 1972, again there was a batch of students and I took

3 students already…under me

and I was thinking that. you know, it is

too much for me because,

he said…he comes and says, “Take two more.

Take two more.” He said, “That is because…”

You know, my problem was, I worked actually

for my Ph.D. programme in a Space Research, Space Heat Transfer.

In India we were very much on…on the ground. Mr. Sathasivam: Yeah.

Prof. Sastry: Nowhere near space. Mr. Sathasivam: That’s right.

So therefore, what happened was that,

I myself was not really experienced in

several areas of applications of the Theory of Heat Transfer.

So he said, “Take two more.”

His idea was, if I take five students

in five different aspects of Heat Transfer,

some initiation of research can take place.

That…later on I found out the wisdom in that

because I think we have tried to develop

a Heat Transfer Lab very nicely because of his guidance.

Mr. Sathasivam: Sir, did Professor Ramachandran also initiate

these outreach programmes that you mentioned,

the Teacher Training Programmes that you conducted in summer,

in other branches in other labs and so on?

Actually this summer programme that I conducted

was not initiated by him

it was the so called Ministry of…you know

HRD the…the other… Prof. Kolar: Ministry of Education.

Prof. Sastry: So called Quality Improvement Programme. Prof. Kolar: Quality.

Quality Improvement Programme. They wanted to

actually have this for the…because this is for the teachers,

for the quality improvement.

So that is how it actually started.

But then, his vision was,

how to make this particular subject

very important and prominent one in the country,

because it actually…Heat Transfer is the subject

that cuts across several disciplines.

Aerospace it is there, in Chemical Engineering it is there, in…

of course, Mechanical Engineering obviously.

so because of that he wanted…

but…that it should develop actually quite well

all across, and so, he wanted to…say,

“Why don't we have a…

because you have now international contacts,”

Prof. Kolar: Yeah. Prof. Sastry: “Why don't you invite these

people from abroad, and then

we will have an international conference?”

But then finally, we decided, first of all let us

find out what is the extent of research that is

being done in the country,

before we take this international step.

So we wanted to have the First

National Heat Transfer Conference Prof. Kolar: Yes.

in 1972. And he wanted us to organize this one and

Dr. Krishnamurthy and myself, we were the organizing secretaries. Prof. Kolar: Yes sir.

Prof. Sastry: And we start a Mr. Sathasivam: Dr. M. V. Krishnamurthy.

Prof. Kolar: M. V. Krishnamurthy Mr. Sathasivam: Right.

Prof. Kolar: So it was in…during the Bangladesh War.

Prof. Kolar: 1971 December 1st to 3rd in CLT. Mr. Sathasivam: Ah, yes.

And big names, Professor Hartnett

Prof. Kolar: Professor [indistinct]. Prof. Sastry: Spalding

Professor Spalding from U.K.,

Professor Kadambi from IIT Kanpur,

Prof. Kolar: [Indistinct] from Uni…Russia. Prof. Sastry: Russia.

For us…we had just then joined for research, it was a

big thing that…we had not heard of Heat Transfer as a topic.

I am dwelling a little bit on this because

we started Heat Transfer research,

not only teaching, but research. This conference brought together

all the research community.

Sir and I am very happy to tell you, it is running

very successfully, the next one is being held

in the December of…every 2 years it changes.

So, Professor Ramachandran's vision. Prof. Sastry: Vision.

And the hard work that you and others…Professor

M. V. Krishnamurthy and others put in, has…really [Inaudible]

In fact, 1972 when we had…’71 we had this conference,

and ’73, we had the second conference in IIT Kanpur. Prof. Kolar: Kanpur.

Kanpur. And then, Dr. Ramachandran said,

“Now look…it looks like

we have a reasonably good work that is being done

both in the research laboratories,

education institutions and as well as industry to some extent.

So, why don't we have a society?” Prof. Kolar: Yes.

So, he said that, “We will have a…

we will…we will form an Indian Heat Transfer Society.”

So he gave me the task of

memorandum of association… Prof. Kolar: Following the constitution for the…

Constitution, and all that.

So we worked on it, and then 1974 we

established the Indian Society for Heat and Mass Transfer. Prof. Kolar: Yes.

Prof. Sastry: Heat and Mass Transfer. Prof. Kolar: With our Heat Transfer Lab as the headquarters.

Prof. Sastry: As the headquarters. Prof. Kolar: Even…even today it is so, sir.

Yeah, actually, 1974 onwards, until 1991, I had the

responsibility of being the secretary.

So for 17 years…

because there is nobody else that is willing to take.

Prof. Kolar: Yeah. Mr. Sathasivam: You would have been the Founder Secretary.

Prof. Sastry: Founder Secretary that's right. Prof. Kolar: Yeah yeah.

So, how about that Regional Centre?

This also connected with Heat Transfer and Energy, actually. Prof. Sastry: Yes.

See by that time, Dr. Ramachandran left actually in

1973, to take over as

Secretary, Department of Science and Technology.

In fact, that's what

I…another thing that I…aspect of Dr. Ramachandran:

he is a an institution builder.

He went and established the DST:

Department of Science and Technology. Prof. Kolar: Yes.

And afterwards of course, he…from

there he shifted to United Nations, and he

established the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements.

Prof. Kolar: In…in Nairobi. Mr. Sathasivam: Yes, yes.

Prof. Sastry: In Nairobi. Mr. Sathasivam: Yes.

So, in that sense he is actually a creator of institutions,

because of his visionary outlook.

So, after he went to DST,

there was actually an International Centre for

Heat and Mass Transfer in Yugoslavia

that was established with the assistance of UNESCO.

So, several of my international colleagues in the area,

they were associated with that Centre,

they said, “Now that…” because these people

have attended the conferences in 1971, ‘73 and

‘75 in IIT Bombay, they saw

the kind of work that is being done.

So what they said is, “Why don't we have…

not only India, but in the entire Asian Region, we will do it.”

So the…UNESCO actually sent a delegation

to tour various countries, of which actually Dr. Ramachandran was

a part of…that delegation.

And then the Yugoslavian Centre's Secretary

General was another member,

and of course, my former advisor

in Chicago, he was also another member.

They toured these countries and then they said,

“Yeah, it is time for us to have actually a

Centre for Asian countries, Asia and Pacific countries.

Prof. Kolar: Yeah Pacific. Prof. Sastry: Again, Dr. Ramachandran had the responsibility,

and by that time he was already in the DST, very busy and all that.

So he asked me to create that Centre.

So, I again drafted the constitution, and also

had several representatives from

Bangladesh and Indonesia and other places.

So we formed the Executive Committee and the

Board of Directors from Japan, for example.

So we created that Centre,

and then Dr. Ramachandran said, “Why don't we

start actually publishing a journal, Prof. Kolar: Journal.

taking into consideration the articles from these things.”

So, I also became the first editor of the

journal, he is the editor, and of course, the Prof. Kolar: Yeah.

Scientific Secretary of that (clears throat) that Centre.

He said, “Once we start this one, we have to do it

immediately.” He is…he is quite

impatient about getting things done.

So, first journal, should come out by December of 1978.

So we started this Regional Centre

in 1977, [indistinct] approved.

So the first journal should come actually in ’79…‘78 December.

We got it, but in those days as you know very well,

the printing and all that is…the words should be arranged in the

Mr. Sathasivam: Manual typesetting. Prof. Kolar: Yeah yeah yeah.

Mr. Sathasivam: That’s right. Prof. Kolar: Oh

Prof. Kolar: The First Heat Transfer Conference, we were all research scholars,

every day used to go to the printing press for proofreading,

we looked at the equations and said, “What

are all these equations? We don't understand whatever.”

All the research scholars, we had a fantastic

experience of those times. Prof. Sastry: And the printing

press was actually in the old Shopping Centre. Prof. Kolar: Shopping Centre.

Mr. Sathasivam: Yes. Prof. Sastry: In our

Mr. Sathasivam: Yeah. Prof. Sastry: Campus

Prof. Kolar: So this is very nice to hear

from you directly the… Prof. C. S. Swamy: I have one…

Prof. Kolar: Yeah please go ahead, go ahead, yeah.

Prof. Swamy: Now you said that Professor Ramachandran

Prof. Swamy: was interested in starting Heat Transfer,

Prof. Swamy: [Inaudible] to do with his being

Chairman of the Research Council of Defence Laboratory

You know he was Chairman of the Research Council DMR.

In fact, again I want to ask you, ‘72 I think

the Director of [indistinct] Narayanan

came with the delegation, and they wanted the IIT to

sub…submit projects. Prof. Sastry: Yes.

In fact, most of the projects submitted [Inaudible]

Maybe, I had also submitted a project.

Now why I am telling this, there was something about

he was thinking of rocket cones,

and then it was getting…could not be used again, because oblation.

So he said that we can [Inaudible]

So I had proposed something.

So about a coating of ceramic,

and a ceramic metal and a metal.

I said, “The most important thing is, you have to make the [Inaudible]

and we shall have a plasma torch to do this.”

In fact, my project was submitted,

but was not funded, but I

came to know much later that the plasma

torch was purchased by the Council. Prof. Sastry: Okay.

Prof. Swamy: But what I am telling you is, did Ramachandran get

interested in Heat Transfer because of its application in…

Prof. Sastry: First of all, Dr. Ramachandran himself

was actually…he had his Ph.D. from Purdue University. Prof. Swamy: I know.

Prof. Sastry: So in the…in the subject of Heat Transfer. Prof. Kolar: Heat Transfer.

Prof. Sastry: That is number 1. And of course, he was,

you know, Head of the Department in IISc Bangalore,

but more importantly, he wanted,

in fact, now that you mentioned about the

Sponsored Research and Industrial

Collaboration. In 1972-73…

Again Dr. Ramachandran said, “Somehow you know, when we do

something, we should also interact with the industry.” Prof. Kolar: Industry.

Prof. Sastry: “Industry-Institute interaction must be there.”

There used to be what is called RDOEI. Prof. Kolar: Yes.

Research and Development Organisation for Electrical Industry

In the Ministry of Heavy Industry in Centre, at the Centre.

So, he…the…a request came from there,

saying that, “You know, our…our motors and all these

things are becoming actually very large in size,

electrically we can do all these things, but because of the

cooling problem we are not able to

reduce this size for the same capacity.

So, can you please do something.” Because

because they know that Dr. Ramachandran was…say

expert in heat transfer, and he was Director here.

So they contacted him. Then he asked me and

Dr. Krishnamurthy, V. Krishnamurthy to look into this.

So Dr. Krishnamurthy by that time he changed his interests into. Prof. Kolar: Refrigeration.

Prof. Sastry: Refrigeration and air conditioning. So, we went to Bhopal, and as usual

you know the…the they were all buying the

drawings and equipment and everything

from associate electrical industries

which was supplying the equipment to them, and

they were not really interested in collaborating,

but luckily because of Dr. Ramachandran's

personal connection, Dr. V. Krishnamurthy, at that time. Prof. Kolar: Oh yes.

Prof. Sastry: Yeah. Prof. Kolar: BHEL

Prof. Kolar: top man. Prof. Sastry: BHEL…this thing, top man.

He said, “Let them go…come and look at it.”

But even though the faculty, the staff there were not very

cooperative, there was one Mr. Walker,

a 75-year-old man coming from AEI,

he himself said it’s a good idea if the…

because we don't understand what is happening there,

so theory must be also

matching with the…our experimental work.

So, let them do this. And because of Dr. Krishnamurthy’s

help, they supplied to us

all the drawings and other things like that, then we started.

In fact, that RDOEI industry project in 1972,

that they gave us about one and half lakhs or so.

Prof. Kolar: That is large amount at that time.

Prof. Sastry: That was the probably the first major

sponsored research project that came to us.

To IIT. Prof. Swamy: I see.

Earlier, there might be…you know some…

as far as my knowledge goes, that is the first major…this thing.

That is because of the fact that

there were administrative difficulties later on,

regarding…you know, how to distribute the

money and all that kind of thing, and that is the reason why

they said, we have to make some

policy and there are certain rules.

That is the reason why I am assuming, that that is the first

sponsored research project that came from outside.

So, for 3 years that I was associated with

Dr. Ramachandran 1970 to ‘73,

he started with several different friends,

for example, he also started some interdisciplinary Prof. Kolar: Yes.

programmes, but because he was…

he is way ahead of his times,

they didn't really take off.

Prof. Kolar: It took 45 years for them to materialize.

Yeah, interdisciplinary the reason why he was saying

was, because of his intense interest…should be promoted.

Departments should not be…you know,

the walls should not be built around the departments.

There should be constant interaction and exchange of ideas

and collaborative work among the

departments. That's what his intention was.

But it started and he was actually…along with

me, you know Dr. Natarajan and T. K. Bose and Prof. Kolar: Yes.

Some others of…the people, he

actually invited them from abroad.

Prof. Kolar: Sir, Professor Natarajan also joined just a year or two after you?

Prof. Sastry: No, in fact, around the same time. Prof. Kolar: Same.

Prof. Kolar: And Professor Bose also. Prof. Sastry: Few months.

Mr. Sathasivam: Actually, who were your colleagues?

Mr. Sathasivam: So, you mentioned Professor Krishnamurthy

Mr. Sathasivam: and Professor Ramachandran himself. Prof. Sastry: Heat Transfer,

Mr. Sathasivam: Yes. Prof. Sastry: Professor…Heat Transfer actually

these are the people, and of course, in

Chemical Engineering, then Professor Gopichand,

Prof. Kolar: Professor T. Gopichand. Prof. Sastry: Gopichand was working,

Yeah, Professor Gopichand was working.

Prof. Kolar: Professor K. Subbaraj. Prof. Sastry: K. Subbaraju.

Prof. Kolar: Of Prof. Sastry: Subbaraju, Subbaraju was working

Prof. Kolar: Dr. Sathyanarayana’s father. Prof. Swamy: Yeah, yeah.

He was the Heat Transfer professor.

So…so there was basically a good group of

people working here, in various departments. Prof. Kolar: Yes.

But the question is that the interaction

he wanted to develop, and that is the reason why he was

trying his best and he did a very good job as far as I am concerned.

Prof. Kolar: Sir, now that we are in this topic of research,

Heat Transfer of course, now we have information.

When we were research scholars, we saw the…a

Solar Thermal Power Plant in BSB;

this was in the mid ‘70s.

Professor Ramachandran went to

start the department of non…no no, DST as Secretary.

I think he started the Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources. Prof. Sastry: Yeah, right.

Prof. Kolar: So, what was his role in initiating the solar energy research, here?

Prof. Sastry: He actually…as I said, Prof. Kolar: Yeah.

Prof. Sastry: even the DST when he was Secretary,

with regard to this Regional Centre for Asia and Pacific,

regarding that matter, I visited Delhi, and

I met him in his office. He was so much interested in solar energy. Prof. Kolar: Yes.

In fact, he said casually, “Sastry, do you think

that, like Atomic Energy Commission,

in this country, should we have a Solar Energy Commission?”

Mr. Sathasivam: Right. Prof. Kolar: These were in ’73

Mr. Sathasivam: Right. Prof. Kolar: ‘74.

Prof. Sastry: This was in 1974-75 time frame. Mr. Sathasivam: Yes.

He was thinking, then…I just casually of course,

because I had this freedom with him to… Prof. Kolar: Yes.

Prof. Sastry: have talk, I just…I said, “Unfortunately we should

not…we should first of all develop

a total overall plan for the energy in the entire country.”

For example, energy comes from you know, solar and of course,

from fossil fuels and hydro

and all…what are our resources available in each

one of these areas, and what is our projected

growth rate and what is the amount of

our needs, so far as energy is concerned.

I said, “Already right now, we have…”, actually

at that time, Ministry of Power, Ministry of Water is different.

Prof. Kolar: Ministry of Coal. Prof. Sastry: Coal is different, coal is different.

So, each person actually is…atomic energy of

course, anyway is different.

So, each person actually is having…

and each area is having its own empire, so to speak.

So to say solar energy, wind energy

will become another…Wind Energy Commission.

So, can we avoid that?

He said, “No no, I was just intellectually I was discussing.”

So, what I am trying to say is, Prof. Kolar: He had.

Prof. Sastry: He had that. Prof. Kolar: Absolutely.

You know he was looking into the future, and in that

context only, we also had actually solar

Prof. Kolar: Yes 10 kilo watt thermal power plant. Prof. Sastry: 10 kilo watt station

actually developed here, probably that is the first one

Prof. Kolar: I think so, it is the first one. Prof. Sastry: First one.

Prof. Kolar: Solar energy research, again, to the best of

my knowledge, started in IIT Madras.

Mr. Sathasivam: The first in the country, sir? Prof. Kolar: Yes.

Prof. Sastry: Yeah, first in the country. Mr. Sathasivam: Right.

Prof. Kolar: Definitely in the IIT system and the educational institutions,

and there was no…he started the Non-Conventional Energy Centre

which now is MNES. Professor Ramachadran started. Prof. Sastry: Yeah, he started that one.

Mr. Sathasivam: Right. Prof. Sastry: Actually, earlier, there was some…

in the area…in the…in the department under the National

Physical Laboratories and physics area,

some work was supposedly…we have done in the solar.

Mostly there were actually solar cookers, solar

water heaters and that kind of thing.

But not in terms of producing energy. Prof. Kolar: Power

Prof. Sastry: Power. Prof. Kolar: Yeah, Professor Ramachandran was a man of vision,

he initiated so many programmes for the country.

There was slightly shift focus, because you also…

for the Founder Professor of the Educational Technology Cell.

Today, this is a very big thing again

and through that cell we have the NPTEL

Programme which is extremely popular in the country and

now it’s simply expanding, but you are the originator

of that, can you say a few words about it?

Yeah, actually what happened was that…this happened

actually in 1985 or ‘86 Prof. Kolar: Professor Srin…no…

Prof. Kolar: Professor Indiresan? Prof. Sastry: That was in ‘86 and ‘87

because I took over as Head of the Department in 1986. Prof. Kolar: Yeah.

So one day, in 1987 or something,

one…suddenly just before the financial year comes to an end,

in January or so, we received suddenly a

fax message…the Director received a fax message

saying that they have got additional funds. Prof. Swamy: As usual.

Prof. Kolar: What do you will do with this?

So, we are now giving actually 2 crores

to each of the 5 IITs…to develop an Educational Technology Cell. I see.

So, it came, first meeting actually took place

in Delhi, and I think Professor Raina

from Electrical Engineering Department, he went.

They thought nothing will come out, but then a

few days later, suddenly another fax comes and says,

“Send your representative with complete plan as a fraction.”

So then, Professor Srinath, who was the Director at that time,

he asked Raina, he said, “I am not interested, nothing is

going to happen, nothing.” Unfortunately

or fortunately, I happened to be in Director’s

Office at that time, because I was trying to go

to Delhi for…in connection with my UNESCO Centre.

So, he said, “You go.” Professor Raina said, “You go.”

I said, “What do I do with it, I don’t know?”

He said, “You study, these are the materials, you just

do this. This is what they want.”

So, I worked on it for 2-3 days: tried to at least

bring up some questions, you know what

exactly is going to happen and all.

So we…I attended the meeting.

Then it appeared to be, that they are in a hurry to give funds,

and they did not have much idea,

we also did not have much idea.

So, anyway they are giving the funds,

so, let us create the infrastructure.

And other people later on you know will take it up and...

So, that is how it started.

So, as soon as I came…luckily for me

because I was heading the department,

there was space constraint you know, nobody is willing to

give any…for studio and all that.

So, because of the Mechanical Sciences Block, you know

I was the Head of the Department…under our control,

there was one 356. Prof. Kolar: MSB.

Prof. Sastry: MSB 356 room number. Prof. Kolar: Yes, yes.

Prof. Kolar: It was there for a long time since we shifted to this place. Prof. Sastry: Yeah, it was actually a drawing…this thing,

because by the time, 5 year programme

became 4 year programme, a lot of drawing

instruction was cut from the B.Tech. programme.

So, several of these drawing halls became actually… Prof. Swamy: Yeah, yeah.

vacant, and luckily for us, you know I was able to put it

in the department, and the department very

generously agreed; they did not contest, they said, “Okay,

you take that one”, and then we prepared that studio.

I remember a lot…how much time you spent on getting

the equipment from Japan, the Sony equipment.

You also had the first recruits from that.

Prof. Kolar: Our Ravindranath Mr. Sathasivam: Yes.

Prof. Kolar: was one of the first recruits at that time. Prof. Sastry: It had to go to the

board because basically what they

said is, “Okay, you are creating certain…you know, cameraman, producer

these are not names not normally not available in the IIT system.” Mr. Sathasivam: That’s right.

Prof. Sastry: IIT system. So, what is their career growth?

Supposing you take somebody else, how is he going to grow?

I said, “I don't know.” Prof. Kolar: At that time…

But that time…but with luckily because of

the you know, the generosity of the board as well as the

Director and all the people concerned,

they said…they said, “We will give you just three people:

one cameraman, producer and some other…”

Mr. Sathasivam: So, they were…were you producing videotapes of courses or? Prof. Kolar: Yes.

Prof. Sastry: Yes, courses basically. Prof. Sathasivam: Because it was pre-internet and so on.

Prof. Sastry: Yeah, basically, the idea was to Mr. Sathasivam: Yes.

Prof. Sastry: get for example, lecturers and professors from

various departments, make tapes

on the subject matter, that is basically…

take a subject, you know like a Physics.

In that you would…for example,

undergraduate programme, there is a first year or second year Physics,

the person…the professor actually gives some series of lectures.

So you, for…for a semester, let us say total

about 30-40 lectures you give.

So you make them into about 20 or so, lectures. Prof. Kolar: Yes.

So that the concepts can be explained

by the experts, and send them to various other engineering colleges

if they want to…practically for free.

Mr. Sathasivam: So, these copies were disseminated to colleges. Prof. Kolar: Colleges, yeah.

Prof. Kolar: So this was much before NPTEL came in. Prof. Sastry: That is the

before NPTEL, that is the idea. Mr. Sathasivam: I see.

Prof. Kolar: Yeah, yeah [Inaudible] Prof. Sastry: So, that is

That is how the first…I think the

Professor V. G. K. Murti, Professor Roshan and

Prof. Kolar: Lots of people. Prof. Sastry: few others started…

Prof. Swamy: …50 rupees books.

Prof. Sastry and Prof. Kolar: No no, tapes.

Prof. Sastry: Video tapes.

Prof. Kolar: This was in the…there is a studio that was there in the MSB.

Mr. Sathasivam: The legacy is still there I think.

Prof. Sastry: In fact. Mr. Sathasivam: I think there is still a studio there.

Prof. Sastry: Studio there and it also…we soundproofed it.

We have to…we had to bring experts to soundproof it. Prof. Kolar: Yes, yes sir.

Sir, now we are on this topic of Centre,

you are also aware that the Industrial

Consultancy Centre, which is now the ICSR

was started, and also there was Engineering Design Centre.

Prof. Sastry: Yes. Prof. Kolar: Today we have a Department of Engineering Design.

So, these two are ahead, I mean. Prof. Sastry: Yes.

Prof. Kolar: You started this, can you…your experience with this?

Prof. Sastry: Actually, when I was heading the Department,

the Engineering Design Centre in the…

there was an Engineering Design Centre in the

Department of Mechanical Engineering.

And I don't know the starting time,

probably, it was there for a long time,

because basically 1970…’70

when I joined it was still…it was there at that time.

It was there. What that Engineering Design Centre had was

people from Physics background

and Mechanical Engineering background

and the people from the Physics Department

are also basically in the area of optics.

Optics. So, when…1987 or so,

Professor Srinath said, “What is this,

what is this Centre doing here?”

So, let the physicist go to the Physics Department

and the other people go to Mechanical Engineering Department. Prof. Kolar: Mechanical.

There was obviously, you know, there is a

Prof. Kolar: Different opinions at that time. Prof. Sastry: Different opinion

kind of thing with the Physics Department…our department, [Inaudible]

but we…we have to put through the

Departmental Consultative Committee, we did it

and finally, with the understanding that

the each departmental staff strength

will not be affected. These people were allowed to Prof. Kolar: Yeah.

Prof. Sastry: shift two departments. Prof. Swamy: Because that is Professor Sirohi

Prof. Sastry: Professor Sirohi. Prof. Kolar: Professor R. S. Sirohi,

Prof. Kolar: then Dr. Chennabasavayya from Mechanical Department. Prof. Swamy: I know, I know, I know.

Prof. Sastry: Chennabasavayya came…Kalam Prof. Kolar: Kalam…Kalam was there.

So, these people came to Mechanical Engineering Department.

So, they joined the Machine Design group and so forth.

So, that is how the…but Engineering Design Centre

used to work for some time,

but their collaboration with the industry

in most departments, was basically very very

Prof. Kolar: Yes. Prof. Sastry: small at that time because

the culture still did not develop to that extent right,

like for example, today. Prof. Kolar: Today.

Absolutely. How about the inter…ICC

Professor Wagner was the first person. Prof. Sastry: Yeah.

Professor Wagner was the first person,

I think the second person who…to take over

from him was the…Professor Narayanamurthi.

Prof. Kolar: Narayanamurthi. So this was when Professor Ramachandran was there

Prof. Kolar: or after that? Pandalai. Prof. Sastry: Professor Pandalai. Professor Pandalai was there.

Because Pandalai took over in 1973, I think.

Prof. Kolar: Yes. December 10th. Prof. Sastry: November or December. December, December.

So, he…during his tenure only,

the Heads of Departments, you know the deanships

were created and all. They were not called ‘Dean’ at that time,

it was called ‘Professor-in-charge.’ Prof. Swamy: Yeah.

Professor-in-charge of Industrial Consultancy Centre.

Professor-in-charge of academic courses, like that. Prof. Kolar: Yes.

So, then later on it…it formally became

Prof. Kolar: Dean. Prof. Sastry: Dean. So, the

senior most Heads of Departments actually

were requested to occupy these

new Professor-in-charge positions.

And Professor Narayanamurthi became the

Prof. Kolar: He became. Prof. Sastry: Professor-in-charge at that time.

So, I think this took place around ‘75 or ‘75. Prof. Kolar: ‘5.

Prof. Kolar: Professor Pandalai was the Director at that time. Prof. Sastry: Pandalai was the Director at that time.

Now as you know it has grown into a very big Centre.

So, lots of the…the seeds for today's Prof. Sastry: Yeah.

activities of IIT Madras,

obviously, in ‘70s and ‘80s because of some

very visionary people and their efforts.

So, slightly shifting focus,

you were also Chairman of the Vanavani Committee.

Prof. Sastry: Yes. Prof. Kolar: What, what was the situation?

What were your contributions there? Prof. Sastry: Yeah, Professor Indiresan

actually…one day called me and he said,

“Will you take over the Vanavani School?” Prof. Swamy: Okay.

So, I said, “It so happened my children also were going to

Vanavani and Vanavani actually had a very good reputation

in the city at that time…was one of the best schools

because…primarily because Mrs. Peter was the principal.

The…excellent principal. So,

she brought up the reputation like anything.

So I thought, okay, but unfortunately,

the funds availability was not very high, number 1,

second thing is the employees…

there was a rule in Vanavani School

that 50 percent of the children must be from…from the IIT,

and every child must be every child

requesting admission to Vanavani from within IIT,

he or she…she should be provided.

So you cannot deny the admission.

So that was the condition.

So, usually we used to have approximately

about 1800 to 2000 children.

So about 1000 or so, used to be from

within IIT, and 1000 from outside.

So, what happened was, there was a

large demand from the Employees Association

that earlier there used to be ISC system

the Union School Certificate… Mr. Sathasivam: Yes.

Secondary Certificate System. But they wanted to

make it into a State Board.

So…so…so there was a big problem because

the State Board means, the…they said they had

alternatives: either to run it as a private school

with State Board this thing,

or hand it over to the state government,

in which case the teachers employed…

all these people will be employed.

Control will be completely only by them,

the transfer the…this thing, and second…thirdly,

more importantly, the medium of instruction should be Tamil.

And because of the nature of our

institution, lot of people were not willing to have the

Tamil-medium instruction in the school. Prof. Kolar: I see.

So therefore, what to do?

So we have to have it, and the

funds availability was not very high.

So, prior to taking over as Chairman,

I was on the Management Committee for 2 years.

So I knew the problems. So therefore,

what we tried to do is, I introduced the thing which is…

initially there was some resistance;

basically what I said was,

“For providing all this infrastructure, you know,

free electricity, free water, free furniture,

free buildings and everything from the IIT

is a perquisites that is being given for the staff of the IIT.

But why should the outsiders

enjoy these things at the same tuition fees?”

So I said, “Tuition fees we cannot

differentiate: outsider or insider.”

So what I said is, “The establishment fees

we charge the outsiders. 150 rupees per year

per year.” Prof. Swamy: I see.

So if 1000 people were there, 1.5 lakhs was coming.

So I said okay, we now… Prof. Kolar: That was a…that is a large

Prof. Kolar: amount of money at that time. Prof. Sastry: That is a large amount in those days.

So that, we can increase the infrastructure. Mr. Sathasivam: When you say

those days it is the 1980s or

What period was your association with? Prof. Sastry: It is ‘80 to ‘84.

That was when the question of the mode arose

as well. the ‘81 or so, the period when…

Prof. Sastry: Which one? The… Prof. Kolar: Mode…that problem with the

Mr. Sathasivam: The ISC or the State Board...

Prof. Sastry: Yeah, in fact, which I changed…the system only from Mr. Sathasivam: That was the time.

Prof. Sastry: this previous one to State Board. Mr. Sathasivam: Yes, yes, yes, yes.

Prof. Sastry: State Board, that means ‘plus 2’ so called plus 2. Prof. Swamy: Yeah yeah yeah

Prof. Swamy: Of course. Prof. Sastry: Plus 2. And also around the same time,

the IIT also from a 5 year programme,

It changed to 4 year programme. Mr. Sathasivam: That’s right.

So, because of that, there was some surplus

lab facilities and here I must really

thank actually Dr. R. Srinivasan who was Physics…

he was Deputy Director at that time.

Deputy Director. He was very very cooperative, very nice.

He said, “Some of these experiments and all these things…

now that there is a plus 2,

let the school kids, you know, have the

advantage of these experiments.”

So he shifted actually some of this

equipment and all that…that

for Chemistry, Physics experiments.

He allowed us to use…the…

So that way, we were able to develop the

science labs in Vanavani.

In fact, which became a…which caused tremendous envy to

a large number of external examiners

Prof. Kolar: Yes. Prof. Sastry: Who were coming to examine our…our students.

Mr. Sathasivam: Yes. Prof. Sastry: Because each student was given actually one particular lab,

I mean, table, experiment, 48 students were there

in each section and each person actually had a…

under the table there is a shelf and everything,

they can put their stuff there.

We created that one.

So the establishment charges are 150,

what we tried to do was to…

how to…how to I wanted to

separate the primary school, secondary school,

and higher secondary school, in three units.

So for that primary, we wanted to shift from the

same place to another building which was there.

So, we wanted to have a top floor to construct that one.

Luckily for me, our managing committee

had Mr. Malayalam…was the Prof. Kolar: He was the

Prof. Sastry: Executive Engineer. Prof. Kolar: Executive Engineer.

So, I requested him, “Can we borrow some

bricks and cement and sand…things like that,”

Then there used to be Centre for Rural Development.

Prof. Kolar: Yes. So, Centre for Rural Development Head,

Dr. Radhakrishna I asked him…

they were doing some research about the Fibre-reinforced

concrete: FRC. Fibre-reinforced concrete,

which is a cheap material,

relatively speaking, compared to Portland cement.

So they were actually…

So they said, “Okay, why don't you use it?”

In that, the chicken mesh

you know, is the reinforcement, not the steel.

So, using that, we constructed. I think

today, still it is standing.

So, that we constructed, made rooms,

and the primary section was shifted there.

Mr. Sathasivam: Now this is within Vanavani, sir? Prof. Sastry: Within Vanavani.

Mr. Sathasivam: Right. Prof. Sastry: So basically, we borrowed the material from IIT,

Mr. Sathasivam: Yes. Prof. Sastry: Money, so far as these establishment charges

from the outsiders. With that, we were able to

bring the financial health of the school

Mr. Sathasivam: Yes. Prof. Sastry: to a reasonably good level.

Mr. Sathasivam: Yeah. Prof. Kolar: Sir, it’s interesting you mentioned CRD

because we were also there at that time.

Professor Indiresan started. Prof. Sastry: Yes.

You mentioned Dr. Radhakrishnan. He…you were…you were

talking about this son of Professor Bhagavantham Prof. Sastry: Son of

Professor Bhagavantham, yes. Prof. Kolar: who was in charge of the CR…

Prof. Sastry: He was Physics professor here.

Prof. Swamy: Hostel. Prof. Kolar: Yes. So, can you say something about the Centre?

The idea was… Prof. Sastry: The idea…

Prof. Kolar: From from Professor Indiresan at that time. Prof. Sastry: Yeah.

Prof. Sastry: Basically, the reason is that, you know

the…the national political situation

was such that you know, people wanted to have

always something connected to rural, rural, rural, rural area.

So, Professor Indiresan wanted to have a Centre

for Rural Development in the…in the there,

how to use for example,

whether for cooking purposes, or for

house building purposes, or whatever.

What kind of experts in our technology…

technological institutions? How they can actually

help the rural people

using the local substances and materials?

How we can improve their living conditions?

So as a part of that, they were taking several projects.

In fact, the energy also they were doing

something…wind energy also later on came because of that. Prof. Kolar: Yes.

And then they were trying to

have this for cheap construction.

They were developing this particular

Fibre-reinforced concrete. They were doing some experiments.

And Dr. Radhakrishna said, “You know, it…it…it

stands and there is…we have already experimented, it is okay,

so you can certainly use this.

and… Mr. Sathasivam: It was also known as ferrocement...I und…I remember, yes, yes.

Prof. Kolar: So we will come to academics and research.

I see that you were associated with 7 Directors

starting from Professor Ramachandran

up to Professor Natarajan, Prof. Sastry: Natarajan.

Prof. Kolar: during your stay here.

And quite a few changes happened in academics and research.

As you recall, in your experience, what would you say

in the…from the academics point of view?

Some important developments took place?

The…the academic side, basically as I was telling the

the…the creation of the deanships.

For example, the…the academic courses and research. Prof. Kolar: Yes.

So, there is a Board of Academic Research,

and Board of Academic Courses.

So therefore, there is a…every department actually

is represented in each of these boards.

And they determine what will be the kind of…

the curriculum or the research material

that you can have; research atmosphere.

For example, when I became Dean of Research,

Prof. Kolar: That was 1990. Prof. Sastry: 1990. ‘90 to ’93.

During that period, the…

for one of the first things that I tried to do,

because at that time, the students were taking

a long time to complete the Ph.D. and the

reason for this long time was primarily because,

from the time of submitting the synopsis and Ph.D.,

by the time they get the reports and all that,

that used to take a long time.

So therefore, of course, because of the difficulties

of equipment and funds and all that kind of

thing, anyway some delay was taking place.

But more than that, even the processing of the work Prof. Kolar: Thesis.

Prof. Sastry: Thesis, was getting delayed.

So I tried to first of all, collect over the previous

several years, what was the time that is being

taken by each department in terms of…

because we thought, I thought the…after all the person

completes his Ph.D.

he should enter the profession as early as possible.

It’s a…it's not fair for us to keep the student for too long.

Prof. Kolar: After submitting the Ph.D. thesis. Prof. Sastry: After submitting the Ph.D. also.

So, when I did that, I found certain

lacunae in the processing.

So we tried to first of all improve that one,

and I think fairly…we were able to

do this number 1. Number 2 is the quality of the Ph.D.,

because a large number of Ph.D.s coming out at that time.

In fact, at that time the number of Ph.D.s coming out

was itself very small. Prof. Kolar: Yeah.

For example, in mechanic…in…in the entire engineering areas,

it was only 29 or 30 per year.

Whereas, much more…much larger number in the…

from the Science and the Mathematics Departments. Prof. Kolar: Science, yeah sciences.

So, the question is, what about the quality?

So the quality is…one way of determining the

quality is the…out of the thesis,

how many papers are being published, Prof. Swamy: Yeah.

in refereed journals. So I found that

that number was not very great.

So we tried to propose Prof. Kolar: Sir, in fact, some Ph.D. thesis went…

passed without any publications also. Prof. Sastry: Without any…

Prof. Sastry: there are several, in fact. Prof. Kolar: No it is very important because today there are

many…big guidelines for theses pub…even submission.

So, it…it started at that time. Prof. Sastry: At that time.

Because basically what I proposed was,

I discussed it extensively in the Board of Academic Research

and then we tried to find out, okay,

when you submit the thesis, the synopsis,

by that time, you should have published:

two journal papers, whether international or national

doesn’t matter, should publish.

In the Board of Academic Research,

they said, “It’s too tough.”

So we said, “Okay, one journal publication

and one conference paper.” Prof. Swamy: Yeah.

So finally, the Board of Academic Research agreed,

So we put it before the…and I…

we…I went to the…Professor N. V. C. Swamy who was Director. Prof. Kolar: Yeah.

He said, “It’s a good thing, we should…

but it…when it came to the Senate, Prof. Kolar: Yes.

It ran into opposition and they said, “No, no”

because a large number of cases in engineering particularly

the…the data collection itself will take a long time

to prepare the unit itself,

the experimental unit itself in the

fabrication and all that, it takes a long time.

So it's not possible to do this, but anyway,

finally, what was decided was,

at least one paper in a journal or a conference,

internat…refereed conference, Prof. Kolar: Yeah.

it should be published.

So that is how it started.

So the quality improvement of the thesis,

we tried to at least introduce,

but I think nowadays, I think it is very common…

lot of…nowadays and moreover the

availability of resources also is much more now,

compared to…at that time.

Prof. Kolar: Also, earlier times, if you send a paper,

it would be take two weeks to reach. Prof. Sastry: Yeah.

And they would take months for…you know

peer review, and then we have to again go back

to them. It could take even year or even more than that.

Why, for example, in our subject, the Heat Transfer,

the International Journal of Heat Transfer

used to cost 125 dollars per year.

But the…just imagine, in those days,

if you submit in an United States, for example,

if you submit a paper, by the time it is reviewed

and all this kind of a thing and it see…it comes in

the print, it used to take about 9 months to 1 year.

Prof. Kolar: Oh even there, in those days. Prof. Sastry: Even there, in those days.

Now, that particular journal comes by sea mail.

Mr. Sathasivam: Yes. So it used to take 4 months or 5 months sometimes.

And first of all, this is one journal; international journal.

They are not enough funds here, because I was

Dean of Research, I was also in charge of the library. Prof. Kolar: Oh I see.

Mr. Sathasivam: The library committee was trying to

Mr. Sathasivam: you know economize some of the. Prof. Sastry: Economize.

Mr. Sathasivam: Yes, I remember that Prof. Sastry: In fact, I was

Prof. Sastry: I was the Mr. Sathasivam: Yes, that’s right.

Prof. Sastry: Chairman of that committee: Library Committee.

Departments were asked to prioritize

the journals, if I remember right. Prof. Sastry: Prioritize

Prof. Sastry: prioritize for example, Mr. Sathasivam: Yes, that’s right.

even the…the…what is that…chemical index or something.

Prof. Kolar: Yes, yes, engineering index. Engineering…engineering index.

Prof. Kolar: We are…all the journals. Some of those things

you know, they said, you know,

“Why don't you have this one?”

Consequently, what I am trying to say is,

the funds availability was low,

in addition to that, even if for example,

I submit in…in…in…in Heat Transfer

let us say there half a dozen,

I can submit only…I can only subscribe

only to one journal; this one.

This also comes after one and a half years.

In other words, the…the subject

if I am looking at, in the journal,

is actually one and a half years old. Prof. Kolar: Old. Mr. Sathasivam: Yes, yes.

So, these are the practical difficulties

in research, and we were trying to somehow, you know…

but the idea was there that

we recognize these problems,

and we were trying to find some solutions.

And in that sense I think

there was a lot of cooperation.

Occasionally there will be some

difference of opinions. Prof. Kolar: Yes, yes.

But generally speaking, we had very good cooperation

in terms of…for example, the…the library.

The alumni said, at that time,

“We will construct a diff...library.

We will give you for construction.”

I tried to argue with the Professor…

Director at that time, Professor Swamy.

Library is not the building, it is the books inside.

Now as Library Committee Chairman,

I am cutting down the…

what is the point in having a big building?

Prof. Kolar: And there is no money to buy the books. When there is no money.

So is it possible, please consider

whether you can have a fund

that the alumni gives,

out of which you know, you can

spend for the journals.

But of course, for the…it could not materialize,

but what I am trying to say is that,

that used to be the difficulties Prof. Kolar: Yes.

in…in…in Prof. Kolar: Absolutely.

in conducting research or…

these are the difficulties.

So…but anyway, it was basically,

it has come a long way now.

So in terms of academics,

I remember during those times

the credit system was introduced,

‘Best Teachers’ awards were being given,

and you were…you received that,

and also student feedback. Prof. Sastry: Yes.

So could you say something about this? Prof. Sastry: Actually

the…it was not very…in an organized way,

but I think Professor Pandalai was the

first person to…to think of

some kind of a teacher evaluation.

He was the first person.

So he apparently…I don’t know

how he did it, but he collected

a lot of information from

some of the very good students

in each department. In each…at…at…at every level.

And after getting that information,

he identified some people from

each department as ‘Best Teachers.’

And he put up these names

before the board, and the board

said, “Yes, it is a good idea,

and… Prof. Kolar: Because there is no committee,

Prof. Kolar: there is no other parameters. Prof. Sastry: So, there is no committee and all that.

Prof. Sastry: No no. Prof. Kolar: We don't know about that.

But Pandalai sent individual letters

to…”Glad that you know you are…you are…you are deemed to be a…”

Prof. Kolar: It was called the ‘Best Teacher Award.’ ‘Best Teacher Award.’

‘Best Teacher Award.’ ‘Best Teacher…’

Prof. Swamy: Excuse me, this was not known to everybody.

Prof. Kolar: Everybody. That's what I am saying,

that's what I am saying.

So, I don't know. Prof. Kolar: It was an almost individual thing

Prof. Kolar: that he did Prof. Swamy: I came to know of it

Prof. Swamy: because I started reading the board minutes.

Prof. Kolar: Okay. Prof. Swamy: Otherwise, I would not have known.

See that is the…that is…

that is why I said, Prof. Kolar: That’s all

it has come actually as a…we don’t know.

So in that process for example,

people like you know, V. G. K. Murti

and…I also got one letter and all that,

but I really didn't…

but ulti…formally it was started by

Professor Indiresan. Prof. Swamy: Yeah.

Professor Indiresan used to

issue a weekly newsletter. Prof. Kolar: Yes.

It come…used to come on Friday,

and in that newsletter,

giving all the other news about the IIT,

what is happening and all that,

at the end of the semester,

at the back of that newsletter,

They used to be a list of the Prof. Swamy: Correct.

best teachers in the order of ranking,

or…but each…not ranking as such,

but these are the best teachers,

and he created a criteria;

he asked for the feedback from the students. Prof. Kolar: Oh, okay

And some 7.5 or so

out of 10, whoever gets,

only they will be recognized as good teachers.

So that kind of system he developed

and he…it ran for quite some time,

I think several years it was…

but it is…at least open and it is a feedback.

That is…it was organized,

better organized. Prof. Sastry: Organized way in a

Prof. Sastry: systematic fashion Prof. Kolar: Today also

we have, some ‘Young Teacher and Scientists Awards’,

there is endowments from…not endowments,

some alumni have contributed

to recognize the best teacher. Prof. Sastry: Yeah,

Prof. Sastry: best teacher Prof. Kolar: Couple of them.

Prof. Sastry: In fact, on Teachers’ Day,

…in fact, I was there

as a Teachers’ Day Prof. Kolar: Oh…oh…oh you are

Prof. Sastry: chief guest you know in 2012,

Prof. Sastry: so I gave…gave the awards to

Prof. Swamy: Yeah he…he came as chief guest. Prof. Kolar: Oh, okay.

Prof. Swamy: He gave the awards to… Prof. Kolar: Sir,

how about the credit system?

It was a very major change. Prof. Sastry: Credit system

also was introduced by Professor Indiresan. Prof. Kolar: Okay.

Professor Indiresan. In fact, the

so called…the time table smart slot system. Prof. Kolar: Okay.

You know, ABC slots

and the credit system was introduced by…

Professor Indiresan is you know, is a man of

you know…is a very…constantly coming up

with ideas and it's very…

that way, he is also very dynamic.

CRD also was his idea.

CRD…[Inaudible]…CRD although which did not.

Prof. Sastry: Yeah, yeah. Prof. Kolar: For a long time it didn't work,

Prof. Sastry: Yes. Prof. Kolar: but the idea was…

Because I remember, as I had just then joined only,

I think. Indiresan was leaving. Prof. Sastry: Yes.

We thought CRD was…as…resource…

I mean, young faculty members, it’s a good idea,

IIT should be developing technology for India. Prof. Sastry: Yeah.

And if the rural people require

you know I remember they were talking about

developing a cart with tyres or something like that,

so that it’s easy for the farmer to use these things.

We thought, as very new faculty,

it's a very nice Centre,

but for a period of time for several reasons,

Prof. Kolar: it was Prof. Sastry: But yeah,

Prof. Sastry: he was very conscious of the Prof. Kolar:…stopped.

you know, how to interact with the society

and rural areas, and how to transfer

this technology to the needy…

this thing…particularly using the

local resources and local materials. Prof. Swamy: Yeah

Sir, you saw the documentary

in the beginning; we talk a lot about

Indo-German cooperation,

and we take pride in saying,

“Ours is the only institute

which still continues to have good

collaborative programmes with Germany.”

What was your experience,

and…either on your own

or as a witness to some of these things?

In a way this…this…out of all this

international cooperation in the establishment of IITs,

the German experiment is the best.

Not only because that…see for example, in IIT Kanpur;

they had only a 10 year programme,

and after 10 years, they stopped. Prof. Swamy: Yeah.

Prof. Kolar: I see. Prof. Sastry: Stop…there is nothing

no further…see at a mutual level

there may be exchange of

Prof. Kolar: Based on personal contacts. Prof. Sastry: Personal contact,

but as institutionally there is none.

Whereas, as you know very well, that

after the programme of first 10 years…

then they continued for another 3 years,

but most importantly, after some time

I think it’s about…see that

next three 3 years is extended,

and one more I think…2 years or so

they extended on the basis of

Joint Research Programmes.

Prof. Swamy: So we had even in 1987…

Indo-German projects…Indo-German projects. [Inaudible]

But the thing…in that, the

basic thing is that they explicitly recognize

that a Professor from Germany,

and a Professor from IIT,

they are basically equal people,

in other words…in that sense, that is the…

Prof. Kolar: I see. Prof. Sastry: very important aspect

in other words they said, “Okay,

now IIT Madras has developed to such a level

that we can consider them as actually…” Mr. Sathasivam: Partners.

Prof. Sastry: a part. So that is a very good thing,

so in that sense it was continuing,

of course, at the individual level

there is always there…that cooperation,

but it was formalized

and continued for a long time

and that experiment only was in

in…Germany experiment. Prof. Kolar: IIT Madras

Prof. Kolar: Indo-German cooperation. Prof. Sastry: For example, as I said

earlier you know in IIT Kanpur,

the IIT Kanpur Director at

that time, Dr. Kelkar when I was there,

he was all for young faculty joining

you know, to continue their Ph.D.,

but the American side said no.

So the kind of…you know, cut and dried kind of thing

was not here, because they said

they understood what exactly needed,

and how it can be gradually transformed,

taken to a higher level,

and during all this time

they continue the cooperation.

So in that sense I think it’s a…

the most successful experiment.

Because…because of my association with

both IIT Kharagpur and Prof. Kolar: Yeah.

Prof. Sastry: Kanpur. Prof. Kolar: IIT Kanpur.

In fact, one more IIT you missed;

I also taught for some time at IIT Chicago.

[Laughter] Oh, oh I missed out on that!

Then immediately after Ph.D., you were there for

Prof. Sastry: No no, when I was a faculty member

Prof. Sastry: at the University of Illinois, Chicago,

Prof. Kolar: Oh you taught… Prof. Sastry: I was teaching evening

classes at IIT Chicago.

Prof. Kolar: So you have had experience with IIT Kharagpur,

Kanpur, IISc Bangalore, IIT Madras,

and before UICC you were in

Prof. Kolar: some other university which had been shifted Prof. Sastry: Actually I

Prof. Sastry: joined this thing only Prof. Kolar: from

Prof. Sastry: University of Delaware, so my Prof. Kolar: Yes exactly.

Ph.D. formally actually is only

from University of Delaware.

But my Ph.D., because

that is another st…that has got nothing to do with this,

because my guide Professor Dr. Hartnett,

extremely competent person, very famous person,

Prof. Kolar: Yeah. Prof. Sastry: But highly short-tempered person.

And because of a difference of opinion with him,

as Head of the Department,

and the President of the University, Prof. Kolar: Yes.

Suddenly he said, “Oh you invited me

to come to this place…

now if you are ask…you are inviting

me to go out I will go out.”

So he resigned and went.

so. And he started the energy centre in Chicago.

Prof. Sastry: Energy…no, Energy Engineering Department. Prof. Kolar: Engineering Department.

Prof. Sastry: That is another story, of course about Prof. Kolar: Yes, yes.

Prof. Sastry: the University of Illinois…this thing, Prof. Kolar: Yes.

but that is a…there were not conventional

engineering departments, there were

actually 4 departments in engineering college

at that time, that was started in 1965:

Energy Engineering, Information Engineering,

Systems Engineering and Materials Engineering.

These four were the departments.

They were all supposed to be

interdisciplinary kind of thing.

Prof. Sastry: So Energy is a…department was there. Prof. Kolar: Yes.

After some time you know, because,

like everywhere, when you have this degree

from Energy Engineering, their employability;

the graduates employability will be a problem.

So they…after a few years

Prof. Sastry: they reverted back to conventional names: Prof. Kolar: [softly] Streams.

Mechanical, Civil and Electrical and so forth.

Sir, so, I want to have an overall picture.

You started as a student in IIT Kharagpur,

and ended in IIT Madras,

but in the last 20 years also

you have kept…you are observing

how…what is happening.

So what is your overall picture of

especially research in IITs? At that time,

how they developed and what it is today?

Obviously, there is a tremendous growth

that has taken place in IIT Madras,

both in terms of quantity as well as quality.

So far as the quality is concerned,

earlier it was generally of a lower quality

mainly because of lack of resources.

Was it a…really a problem, sir?

Prof. Sastry: As I said. Prof. Kolar: Because we always complain…lack of funds.

As I said earlier, for example,

the journal that we were talking about:

it takes about one and half years to get here.

Prof. Sastry: Now, what is happening in Prof. Kolar: Yes.

Prof. Swamy: Information Prof. Sastry: anywhere else in the world

is a matter of a few minutes.

The click of a button,

you can just get the information.

Prof. Swamy: Information was not available Prof. Sastry: So information availability

So therefore, in those days, you pick up a problem primarily from

Prof. Sastry: what is happening elsewhere. Prof. Swamy: Yeah.

Prof. Sastry: And that too, that is old information. Prof. Kolar: Old information.

And that naturally affects the quality.

Whereas now, instantaneously

you can get what is happening,

you are on top of this thing, plus,

now I see that a large number of

people are returning also from abroad.

In those days when I came back from India,

In fact, when I went actually after 4 or 5 years

to America for 3 months, to spend summer,

all my friends at that time were asking me…

they wanted me to say

that I was a stupid going back.

“How could you do that kind of a thing?”

So in other words, the…that was the feeling.

But…so in other words, coming here

Prof. Sastry: was actually very rare kind of thing, Prof. Kolar: Yeah.

in fact, even large number of faculty here

and also some of the students, final year students

who are applying for universities abroad,

they used to come and say,

Prof. Sastry: “Sir what…why did you come?” Prof. Kolar: “Why did you come?”

So now, but that has

become actually much more…people are now…

less number of people are going,

and more people are also returning,

which is a very good

Prof. Kolar: So, you must be very happy that today… Prof. Sastry: So,

that also increases the quality of the work

that is being done now, compared to that.

Today IIT Madras is number 1 in the country

for the la…in our scheme of things.

So in that sense it obviously,

you know, with time things will improve,

but they are improving actually quite nicely.

at a very good rate also,

because of the changes that are occurring

in the technology itself.

Mr. Sathasivam: Now what are the factors you see

Mr. Sathasivam: driving the directions of research now,

Mr. Sathasivam: so now that everything is level as it were.

Earlier the…you mentioned that

Mr. Sathasivam: there were restrictions Prof. Sastry: Yeah.

because of the availability of

Mr. Sathasivam: information and so forth. Prof. Sastry: Yes.

So now, the things are changed…

The things have changed. For example,

right now, the…the way I understand,

because I don’t know much about

exact individual cases, but generally speaking,

there is no lack of resources.

Even at that time, there was no lack of resources.

For example, when Dr. Ramachandran took over

as Department Science and Technology Secretary…

he is a Director, Dr. Gururaja

Prof. Sastry: who was also my classmate in IISc Bangalore. Prof. Kolar: Gururaja was there.

He came one day to…he said,

“Dr. Ramachandran is asking you know,

why there was no proposal from you?

I have got 7 crores with me,

so why don’t you take some projects?”

I particularly avoided writing any proposal

mainly because, you know, people will simply say

that you know, “It’s…he’s is a very close

student of Dr. Ramachandran,

so that is how he got the…”

so I was avoiding that.

So what I am trying to say is, that

basically the resources for IITs

in those days also was not a problem.

Resources…financial resources I am talking about,

but in terms of other resources are require to do research,

whether in terms of…

for example, getting something…some…some…some

piece of equipment done.

In those days restriction was, you have to first of all

go to the Central Workshops.

Prof. Sastry: You have to get it done. Prof. Kolar: Yeah.

Nowadays for example,

you can just go out and get it any time you want.

Yes sir. That is what we did as research scholars.

Prof. Kolar: We got everything done here. Prof. Sastry: Yeah everything done here.

See, in that connection, for sake of record again,

can you say something about the Gavi scheme?

The Gavi scheme I…

Prof. Kolar: This is a Indo-German Prof. Sastry: Yeah yeah.

Prof. Kolar: scheme for buying equipment from

Prof. Kolar: Germany for Indian research scholars…IIT Madras. Prof. Sastry: For Indian research scholars.

Yeah, I don’t know much about it,

I don’t know much about it, but only thing is

that sometimes it you know, led to some unnecessary

Prof. Swamy: Yeah. Prof. Kolar: Okay, yeah.

Prof. Sastry: complications and Prof. Kolar: Yeah.

I was…I asked…I said that

because as a great benefit, me and others,

we got our Hot Wire Anemometers

through that, I got the hot wires themselves,

Prof. Kolar: lot of equipment and all those Porous Plates. Prof. Sastry: Yeah.

As a single research scholar,

I was…greatly benefited. It…

I didn’t have to go to another place for funding.

Through our lab, we applied with his signature

and it took time, but we got them.

Lot of research scholars were benefited

through that scheme. Later of course, it was…

Actually, as I was telling you earlier,

this RDOEI project that we got,

and that actually became very significant

because, not only being the first you know

major sponsored research project,

but in 1974, the BHEL Corporate R and D was established…

Prof. Kolar: In Hyderabad. Prof. Sastry: in Chennai…in Hyderabad

Prof. Sastry: Hyderabad…in Hyderabad Prof. Kolar: In Hyderabad.

And the first General Manager was T. V. Balakrishnan.

So…he actually, you know, they all

came from the manufacturing side and practical side.

So when R and D was established,

now he had lot of problems:

How to…first of all start the work and how to staff the

people who are competent researchers.

So he is found somewhere…that this RDOEI project

we made something in Heat Transfer Lab here.

So he came to me and he said,

“What is this? Can you help us?”

So, we actually made for the cooling purposes

Prof. Sastry: and all that…what is called RC network analyser, Prof. Kolar: Yes, yes.

huge thing. And he said, “Please, you know, help us in this thing.”

So we were associated with this,

Prof. Sastry: and I think 3 of our Ph.D. scholars were actually Prof. Kolar: Yes, yes.

Prof. Sastry: taken by him. Prof. Kolar: Yes.

Prof. Sastry: And… Prof. Kolar: K. V. C. Rao was the first one, maybe.

Prof. Sastry: Yeah. Prof. Kolar: He was the faculty

Prof. Kolar: He did his Ph.D. on that Prof. Sastry: Ph.D. here.

So basically, that particular thing actually continued,

that first project…sponsored research project

continued for several years even afterwards.

With BHEL Corporate R and D in…this thing.

So, those are at least some good experiences

for us in terms of interacting with the institutions outside

the educational institution and…

Sir, very nice, any…any other?

We can go on talking to Professor Sastry for a long time but

Prof. Kolar: we have covered quite a few areas. Mr. Sathasivam: Yes.

Prof. Swamy: No, no, no, I just want…we have not told why Professor Sastry always cuts jokes. [Laughter]

Well I…yeah,

Prof. Swamy: Give a chance to… Prof. Kolar: I have been greatly benefited by my association

with him for last 47 years;

I was one of his first research scholars.

I just want to add to this, sir;

when I came from IIT Kharagpur after M.Tech.

So Heat Transfer was a new area,

and we were only 2 Ph.D. scholars

that day for interview: Professor Srinivasa Murthy and myself,

and you and Professor MBK were in this MSB.

I just…I walked towards you, and Srinivasa Murthy

walked towards MBK and that was it.

It was over evening we were…we had said, “We were selected.”

And all that…but when I joined,

I was so excited about the work that was going on

in the lab. I came from Kharagpur

where it would be a lot of experimental work,

but the research environment was great.

And I was doubly blessed that

Professor Ramachandran was the Chairman of the

first Registration Committee.

All the facu…Professor Subbaraju, Professor Gopichand,

Professor T. K. Bose. It was for me, you know,

for a new…I was hardly 21.

It was a very exciting thing that

I am in the midst of these, you know, great people.

And Ramachandran, in fact, he…he suggested

an answer to me when somebody asked a question,

I was not able to answer, he said,

“Why don’t you say this”, you know, and he remembered it

after several years, he said, you know,

“How are you doing? Your free conviction Ph.D. is over.”

I was greatly…I was a great admirer of him.

I talked about him in the one of the earlier…

and you were associated with him

and with 7 Directors. You held different positions.

So, you have so much, of course, to share with us.

The small…this thing:

Dr. Ramachandran used to have a room in our laboratory,

Prof. Sastry: and that room was occupied by Kolar. Prof. Swamy: Yeah, yeah.

Prof. Kolar: I…I…yes…yeah [Laughter]

Prof. Kolar: I said that. Prof. Swamy: He has told about it.

We would…just to add to that sir,

we knew when Professor Ramachandran is visiting the lab,

there is so much of activity,

Professor Sastry running around,

Professor Natarajan will come from there

T. K. Bose will come from there,

MVK, he won't stand,

he would just walk all over the laboratory

and talk to technic…everybody, “What…what are you doing?”, you know.

Prof. Kolar: He was such a great force. Prof. Sastry: But…but

you might have got the impression, that

Dr. Ramachandran was interested only

in the Heat Transfer Lab and department,

Prof. Sastry: but actually, what he was doing was… Prof. Kolar: Yeah.

9 o’clock is the Director’s…

normally he goes to the office.

8 o’clock he starts in his own car,

Prof. Sastry: you don’t know which department he will go to. Prof. Kolar: I see Prof. Swamy: he had come to our…

Prof. Sastry: Yeah, which department? Prof. Kolar: Unannounced

Prof. Kolar: he would come Prof. Sastry: Unannounced.

So there is no question of…any show or anything.

So he comes there, and talks to people,

many of them were actually faculty members

working for their Ph.Ds.

So basically you know, lecturers and so forth.

And he under…tries to learn from them

what topic they are working and all.

Probably to go to that lab, he may get a

chance only after several months.

But then when he goes there,

Prof. Sastry: “Last time you were doing this”, you know, Prof. Kolar: Yes

He remembers. His memory was phenomenal.

Prof. Kolar: Absolutely. Prof. Swamy: He used to meet students also.

Prof. Kolar: Yes sir. Prof. Sastry: Because I had the opportunity,

lucky opportunity of working with him

Prof. Sastry: even in the United Nations. Prof. Kolar: Yeah

Prof. Kolar: We didn't cover that actually. Prof. Sastry: Yeah

…in the United Nations.

And the…the respect that he commanded

you know, with the entire staff…in the…that is unbelievable.

Even Centre for Human Settlements in Nairobi.

Prof. Sastry: So basically, he is a different kind of person. Mr. Sathasivam: Right.

Professor Sastry, sir, thank you very much

for taking your time. You are very close by,

Prof. Kolar: so whenever we want, again we will come and talk to you. Prof. Sastry: Okay.

You have shared with us, lots of important things,

which are significant aspects of the IIT Madras history,

and that has come to us with your personal experience

and your own perspective. On behalf of the Heritage Centre

here, thank you very much.

We will try to keep in touch with you,

and…you have not yet visited the Heritage…this is the first time,

so maybe we…go around. Thank you very much.

Thank you for the opportunity

and I was not really a great important player

in the…in this thing, but at the same time,

you know, whatever my experiences and personal

Prof. Sastry: feelings and perceptions, I have tried to share with you,

Prof. Sastry: and thank you very much for the opportunity.

Prof. Kolar: Thank you. Mr. Sathasivam: Thank you, Professor Sastry.

Welcome Professor Roshan.

Thanks for coming and being with us in this campus,

your own campus, I know.

And, you have been a stalwart here,

in the area of foundry.

Spent a large number of years.

I heard that, '67 you came here.

And, I would like to know, first of all, about your...

What brought you to IIT Madras? Okay,

Professor Murty, I wish to thank you very much.

I wish to thank you,

I wish to thank Mamata,

and Kumaran and Rajaraman,

for giving an opportunity to speak to you today.

I am really very happy to talk to you,

and whatever questions which you have got. Thank you.

Thank you. You asked me about

what brought me here.

I will tell you briefly about my background and how I Yes, sir

came over here. We would like to know about your

background education before coming to IIT Madras,

and then what really motivated you to come here.

and then, you did wonderful work, I know that,

we will come to that a little later. Yes, Professor.

When I completed my high school,

it was called SSLC,

now it is not, no longer there.

So, I completed my SSLC in 1957. Where was that professor?

Where, where was that, which place? In Markapur.

There is one town in Kurnool district, Markapur.

And then, my mother and my dad, they sent me

to Loyola College, Vijayawada

it is called. Andhra Loyola College. Vijayawada Loyola College.

I know.

So, I went there. Incidentally,

I studied in a college which was just adjacent to that.

There is a government polytechnic

next to Andhra Loyola College,

and I did my diploma in that polytechnic, just...

I, yeah. just for your information, that is it.

I know that, it is in Gurazala. yeah.

I know about the polytechnic also. Wonderful, I mean very

well known place, Loyola College,

everybody talks about it.

So, '57, at that time,

there was no...the plus 2 was not there.

So, it was PUC.

PUC, correct. So, that was my, the last batch of the PUC.

PUC. I did my PUC, I got.

Then, I applied for engineering colleges.

I was underaged.

So, they could, I could not get into engineering college.

So, I had to do one year of BA over there. BA, okay.

So, and then, and then, '58 I completed. Okay.

And then, I applied for engineering college.

At that time, in Tirupati,

University College of Engineering, they started. So.

S.V. University, University College. Yes.

First batch, I belonged to the first batch of

Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering. Was that the first

engineering college in Andhra, sir? No.

Anantapur, Anantapur is another engineering college. Anantapur, okay.

It is a government engineering college. What about Vizag,

Andhra University was not there those days?

That is Andhra University, that is separate.

So, so you, you belong to Vijayawada, that area?

Correct. So, okay.

Correct. So, so, I got a seat there.

So, 1959 to 1963.

Okay, that was 4 years.

No, it was actually 5 years,

it is a 5 year programme. Okay.

And... I heard, those days it used to always

to be, always 5 years. 5 years.

What happened was, at that time

the Indo-China War was there,

so accelerated course.

We graduated, instead of in, normally in June,

we graduated in December 1963 itself. Okay.

So, we graduated in December

and then, the master’s degree, they will not open

until the next June.

Okay. Then, we went and there was a our

principal, the special officer called

sir Ram Krishnan, he said

"okay, now you have completed this one,

would you be interested in teaching?"

So, I joined immediately Wow.

as an associate lecturer in mechanical engineering

in SVU College of Engineering. Okay.

I did for about 6 months.

Then, at that time, Indian Institute of Science,

Foundry Engineering was a very, very

sought after course for the students.

Under Mechanical Engineering department. Under Mechanical Engineering department.

they have... There, people were there

you know, Professor Seshadri,

I mean, who, with

whom you were there, Professor? 100,

So, I was with Professor M. N. Srinivasan.

M. N. Srinivasan. But how I went to

Bangalore is, in those days

the admissions of master’s degree,

there was no entrance exam Gate.

no gate. No gate. Nothing was there.

The only criterion is, you should be

first rank holder in the university. Wow.

Every first rank holder

if he applies, he will get it.

Elite group of the country

sitting there, wonderful!

You are one of those.

Only 10, only 10 students.

Only 10. All 10 were toppers of some university.

All. I belong to S. V. University, then, Okay.

There was the Madras University,

two people, Osmania University, one person

Banaras...like that, we were 10 people. Wonderful, wonderful.

Wow. So, that is how I went to

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.

The head of the, there

the foundry science was

in Mechanical Engineering department. Mechanical.

Head of the Department is

Professor A. Ramachandran.

A. Ramachandran. So, in the first day, when you go

you go and meet the head of the department.

That is the normal protocol practice.

When you enter the room, he will say,

"come in Mr. Roshan," he will say.

We will wonder, "how does he know my name,

for the, he, he did not see me

for the first time he is, he is asking."

Before we come, he reads

everybody’s etcetera etcetera.

And then, that is how I joined the foundry.

Then, Professor Seshadri

was my... Professor Seshadri, he taught me.

So, Professor Seshadri and Professor

Malur Srinivasan from

Mandyam Srinivasan. Mandyam Srinivasan.

So, I did my the masters' work

with sir Mandyam Srinivasan.

So, 2 years were over.

After... There was also one

aluminium foundry professor, K. S. S.?

Srinivasa Murthy. Murthy.

Professor, professor he was also... Srinivasa Murthy.

He also taught us.

Professor Seshan, Professor Mandyam Srinivasan, Correct, correct, correct.

Professor Seshadri. So, Professor Seshadri was...

Yes. Although, I did not do my master's,

but still he is a,

he is a wonderful teacher so, Wonderful teacher.

I was always associated. That was a

2 year programme, Professor?

2 year programme. Okay, those days it was

now, possibly, you are aware that now

master's became one and half year.

When I did my master's, it was one and half,

then again, now it came back to 2 years.

No, no, no, it was not

one and half years, it was 2 years.

So, it was 1964 and 1966.

Then, when we take the advice of the

Head of the Department, Professor A. Ramchandran,

he says, "you are a foundry engineer,

you should work in an industry."

No, no academics?

No academics etcetera.

So, then where are the jobs?

there are no jobs in...

anywhere. So, they say,

"go to Bombay, there are jobs."

We took a ticket, just took it, sat in the train,

went to Bombay, at that time

to search for a job.

So, then what happened was, then you...

No campus interviews, nothing, those days?

No campus interviews, nothing. Okay.

So, then? Now, things are all different.

Then, you should see in the newspaper

daily, in the daily in the morning,

and then, try to find out its advertisement.

Then, first I went to die casting foundry.

So, even at Indian Institute of Science,

I passed with distinction. Distinction. '

Again, I got the first rank. First rank?

In the MTech, ME. ME.

And then, I got, one person in

die casting foundry, he offered me a job.

But, it was a small shop.

Then, there is another company called

New Standard Engineering Company in Bombay.

It is a iron foundry,

with a Polish collaboration.

and then, about 400 tonnes of gray iron

and maximum weight of the casting is 20 tonnes.

So, they also make the induction furnaces.

Tagliaferi induction furnaces

and I went there and took the interview.

And they said, "okay, we will give you a job."

So, I got the job.

So, you spent just, looks like only 1 year

was it very hard job; that is what made you

come to academics immediately?

'67 you came to IIT Madras, I know. Yeah.

So, '66 to '67 just 1 year in,

That was a... in foundry?

That was due to my personal reasons.

In the sense, when I was doing my master's,

my dad passed away.

Okay, so. Sorry to hear that.

Then, what happened was, then my mother was in.

So, she was... So, you need to take care of her.

I was to, I had to take her, so she was ill.

So, 1967 my mother passed away.

So, I had to Okay.

shift my place from Bombay.

So, you came back to, closer to Andhra.

Then, what happened was,

I came down to my Kurnool

where my mother was there.

When she passed within,

I resigned my job in, in Bombay.

But, I need a job.

That is true.

So, there are, 2 openings were there.

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore -

a lecturers' post. Okay.

And then, Indian Institute of Technology,

was a associate lecturers' post.

I applied for both of them.

And then, what happened was,

I got an interview in

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.

So, I was about to go over there,

but my mother was sick.

So, I said, "I will not go."

So, I... So, you missed the interview?

I missed the interview. Okay.

But. That was the... It was, it was good for me.

That was a blessing for IIT Madras.

I mean, we got you,

and it is amazing, amazing

to hear that. It was a, it was good

for me too. And then, what happened was,

I came over here,

and I attended the interview. Okay.

And then, during the interview,

Professor E. G. Ramachandran, they were there.

So, associate lecturer, Some 500 rupees

job etcetera, then they offered.

Then, they asked me, "okay, you are qualified."

Lecturer is only master’s degree,

there is no PhD requirement in those days. Requirement in those days?

So, they said, "why did you...

we had interviews recently for

the lecturers' post, Lecturers' post.

why did you not apply?" "I did not know.

So, why don't you offer me a lecturers' post?"

"No, no, no, we cannot offer, We cannot offer you...

because we advertised only for..." Well,

IIT Madras goes by advertisement.

"No, no, no, but

when the next advertisement comes, Next

advertisement. "you apply and take your chance, okay."

So, I got in 1967 September,

I got my associate lecturers' job.

I came over here,

that was the best thing that has happened to me.

And then, Professor E. G. Ramachandran

was head of the department,

he was very nice to me.

And then, one Professor Zeurn was there.

So, at that time, Germans were there, in the...all the...

I heard that, I heard that.

So, coordinate, although he is,

Professor Zeurn belongs to welding,

but still, he was in Metallurgy department.

Okay. So, he was coordinating the

Foundry activity. foundry activities, etcetera.

So, that is how I came to IIT.

So, that is how I answer your question about

how I came to IIT. That is wonderful, wonderful.

Yeah, wonderful. Was there anybody else

along with you, in the foundry area, those days?

Professor O. Prabhakar, for example,

he joined after you or much later?

No, he joined in later,

because '70...in the '67, I joined.

Then, '68 there was again,

as I told you, there was another

advertisement for lecturers.

Okay, this wass in 6 months.

I became a lecturer in '68.

Professor Prabhakar, he joined immediately, later. Okay.

By one year, one year later. So, the foundry division or

foundry research activity, or teaching

cum research activity started with you, here.

At that time, when I joined in '67,

there was no master's programme in foundry at all.

There was nothing, no,

it was all about the physical,

very strong in physical metallurgy. Very strong.

Professor Vasudevan, Professor Vasudevan... With particularly Vasudevan.

Vasudevan, Professor

E. G. R. himself. Sreenivasa Raghavan.

Professor E. G. R. himself.

They are all physical metallurgists. Correct, correct, correct.

So, but, Professor E. G. Ramachandran, he had a vision

that industrial metallurgy is... Sure, sure, sure.

I was the only person

who had a master’s degree in foundry. Sure, sure.

So, I knew the programme of

how to write the syllabus.

It is not a simple thing,

to write the syllabus for all the...

So, we started Industrial Metallurgy.

Industrial Metallurgy? MTech in Industrial Metallurgy. With the, with the 3 different.

M.Tech. ME in... ME.

In those days, master's, ME in. Okay,

No, still they used to call it as ME here. ME.

No, here, MTech. Sorry it is MTech MTech.

So, you started MTech in... MTech.

Industrial Metallurgy. Industrial metal...metal casting,

metal joining and Metal joining.

and metal forming. So, 3 divisions.

So, I was there for... You are, you are

kind of leading the. Yeah. Yeah.

metal casting... With of course, Professor E. G. Ramachandran

was the Head of the Department also.

That is how master’s degree, MTech programme

in Industrial Metallurgy was started.

But, at the BTech level also, were you

teaching casting, those days?

Of course, there was one course

called Foundry Engineering, in BTech Okay.

and, I used to take,

as soon as I came in '67,

first job that was given to me was

to teach that course.

And also, there was...industrial design also was there.

Okay, okay. So, I used to give the projects and...

But usually, in IISc you see that the

foundry area is under mechanical.

Why did that not happen here,

in IIT Madras, any...you have some ideas?

That I do not know.

Because, material science it can be, see,

So, somehow. It is a Metallurgy for some...

Metallurgy for some reason or other in

BHU or everywhere.

Even, even in Indian Institute of Science,

there is a Metallurgy department.

But, that was more academic oriented. Yeah.

Possibly, Yeah.

They thought that foundry is a

typically an industrial kind of a thing.

So. That could possibly.

Yeah mostly. Whereas,

Yeah, but is. Here it is

mostly, you know, there was a

lot of emphasis on industry

from the beginning, I heard here,

particularly, as you said,

industrial metallurgy as an MTech starting,

that itself would be

something which I...I do not think in IISC,

you can hear something of that nature.

It is all about the vision of the

heads of the department.

Because Professor A. Ramchandran

he was a heat transfer person. Ok.

So, in those days;

in those days to visualize,

so, he was always about industry.

Yes. He was always telling, "okay,

if you have a master’s degree, it's better to

serve the industry, to get... Industry.

to get the experience. Correct.

So, when I came over here,

So, '66 to '67 there was a faculty can register

as a PhD programme. PhD student.

So, I registered with Professor E. G. Ramachandran.

So, Professor A. Ramachandran was the director,

but still he used to help me.

Because, he is a heat transfer person.

My problem was, for the PhD,

thermal properties of mould materials

using the Shell moulding process. Thermal property, Shell moulding.

you will appreciate, even today,

determination of thermal properties is

extremely useful for solidification of

simulation softwares. Definitely, definitely.

So, in those days, he could visualize it.

And, Professor Seshadri,

Professor E. G. Ramachandran was my guide.

Yeah. So, he gave me a

lot of The whole microstructure

evolution depends on the

thermal properties, right. Thermal properties.

How, how fast it is cooling.

Yeah, Professor...Professor E. G. Ramachandran

really helped me with all my

PhD work etcetera. Good, good.

So, that I submitted my thesis in '71,

and then, all the... Were you, were you kind of first

PhD from the department?

Yes. I heard this.

I am the first PhD from the Metallurgy,

Metallurgy department. Wow.

You have so many distinctions.

And then, then what happened was, in '71. Wonderful.

So, there is an opportunity to...all the

faculty will be sent to Germany. Germany, okay.

So, in Germany, Geyser Institute, Aachen,

Aachen. is the premier institute in.

Correct. in Europe.

Before the second World War,

there were only two institutions,

Geyser Institute, Aachen in Germany

and Geyser Institute, Krakow in Poland.

Okay. These are the,

the best foundry research institutes.

So, It is easy from... You went there.

because it is a German collaboration,

So, I got an...it was called DAAD. DAAD.

So, German academic exchange service. DAAD correct, correct.

So, I got a this one, so.

How long was that about year or? 2 years.

2 years. It is, it is a 2 year...

Were you married by then, Professor?

I will tell you about that one also.

What happened was, '71 I went there.

Because, I submitted the thesis and left immediately.

So, my viva voce was not there.

So, you had to come back.

What happened was, in '72 my reports came,

I have to take the viva

and the same... No skype those days.

No, no skype, not only that one...

There was an advertisement for an

assistant professors' post.

Okay. You cannot apply for assistance professor post

unless you have a PhD.

Submission of a thesis

is not equivalent of a PhD. So, you have to Is not equivalent.

complete your viva, okay. I have to complete my viva.

Then only I will be considered. You can apply for a PhD.

I can be considered, it can be absentia.

You do not have to be. You can be absentia. Yeah, it can be in absentia.

So, what I did was, I flew.

from Germany. Yeah.

Just to take the viva voce

examination. Just for a week. Just for a week or so.

At that time I met my wife. Good.

So, we had our engagement at that time. Wonderful. Wonderful.

Then, '72. It was '72

Then, I went back again. Went back again.

There was a, there was a...

the interview for the assistant professors',

I was promoted to be

assistant professor. So, no, not even a telephonic interview?

No. It was just in absentia?

they just looked at your CV.

Yeah. And then, based on the CV.

Yeah, because I was already there

so there is, so, I became an assistant professor. So. Okay.

I became an associate professor in a similar fashion.

Yeah. At IIT Kharagpur.

Ok. So, in absentia, I was in Japan

doing something there.

Ok, nice to hear, Professor.

And then, then '73, I came back. '73

you came back. We got married in

in '73. '73.

And the next day, was my convocation.

My marriage was there on 9th,

10th was the convocation here. Okay.

So, we flew.

So, you both flew, okay.

And then. Then, I got the... Okay.

At that time, Professor Pandalai was the

Ok, so you got your PhD degree.

Director and then, Wonderful.

She was also there. Wonderful.

So, '73 I got my PhD. Then, I was busy because

I learnt quite a lot.

My experience in Aachen. In Aachen.

Very good. Was so...sand, there...

there I worked with the sand. Sand?

So, Professor Zeurn helped me.

Professor E. G. Ramachandran and Professor Zeurn, they helped

to set up a laboratory, so. Okay.

My laboratories in sand testing were the best

People always talk about you. Yeah so

in those days. When somebody talks about

Professor Roshan, it is sand.

Sand, so I was a consultant, so. You were seem to be a

stalwart in sand. Yeah.

Sand, because I learnt quite a lot

about sand. Yeah.

So, I was knowing

very much about sand. Sand is a...

sand also is a basic raw material for making the castings. Okay.

So, sand has to be extremely

pure in order to make those things.

So, I started my PhD students.

Okat, that is my start of PhD students, because

Okay. you cannot guide a student unless

you have a PhD. You have a PhD.

So, '73 obviously, I have PhD. Okay.

Then I had some...later on about 20 people

got their PhDs and did their... Did they Professor O.P. also

do PHD with you? No.

No, no, both of us did with

Professor E. G. Ramachandran, okay. Professor E. G. R. Okay, good.

So, then the '73, '73 to

'77, I was very busy working.

My wife looked after my house.

So, I was with my students.

So, my students were extremely good.

Day and night we were working etcetera.

So, quite a number of papers were

getting published and the students got them.

'77, there were again

interviews for the professors', professors' post.

Professors' post. Must be very young by that time, 35?

34, I was the youngest. 34, youngest professor.

I was the youngest.

Yes. One of the youngest professors.

Wonderful wonderful. Maybe the youngest professor.

Now, it is tough.

34 is not easy to become a professor here,

usually it happens between 40 and 45, or so.

I was 39 when I became a professor,

that itself was considered, in Kharagpur, very early.

Yeah. Good to hear that. So, 34.

And then, what happened was I applied for

the Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship.

Wonderful. So, I got a junior.

very, very prestigious fellowship.

fellowship I got and I had to go.

And then, my interviews are there.

So, I got my letter of professorship

In June. That you are selected for the ?

And next week I left for Germany.

And because of, I was, I am a professor,

so, they gave me senior fellowship; they upgraded.

Upgraded. My fellowship from

this one... Junior to senior.

Senior fellow, alexander.

Where were you, you are again in Aachen? University of Karlsruhe, here.

Karlsruhe, yeah. No I went to University of

Karlsruhe. Karlsruhe with Professor Makarav.

So, '77 to '78, I was there.

One and half years, although, 2 years, I came back.

So, '78 we came back.

As soon as I came back, Professor Narayanmurthi

was the director. Headship is waiting for you, I heard.

So, he called me one day, "you want to

take the headship?" "Of course."

Then, Professor Srinivas Raghavan was the

Head of the Department. Previous Head of the Department?

So, I became in '78.

And, '78 to '82, it was a pleasure.

It was a pleasure. Wonderful.

Not that is it was a...

wonderful experience for me

Correct. to lead the department.

and Head of the Departments'

job is very interesting.

You have got...you can do quite a lot of

Correct, correct. contribution.

So, that is the period. Can you can you just

recall a few major contributions that came

from you as the Head of the Department,

in the department?

We organized several seminars.

One of the seminars was an international seminar

Very good. with Professor Krishna Shastri on solidification

heat transfer, so.

Very good. We invited from all over the world.

Good.

There was a

metal processing seminar,

that is one of the contributions.

And I also, I feel very glad, one of my contribution is

Metallurgy seminar hall.

I just heard of that. Metallurgy seminar hall was

I believe, was my...

I did, I took a good decision to convert.

Yeah. Because, the ground floor

we had to, there was no seminar hall, we used to

True, true, true. organize any meetings

etcetera. Any meeting, any lectures for

visitors. So, Head of the Department,

Major contribution, very important

contribution. Head of the Department has the resources.

And then, he had the power, so True.

one lecture hall was converted.

It is a good decision, I believe.

So, that Yeah, we are all really enjoying that.

Yeah. Of course, you may be possibly aware

that, soon in about four, five months from now,

most probably March - April,

we will be moving

from the Mechanical Sciences block

to a new academic complex,

where we have been provided with

two floors. It is a five storey building,

where two floors are dedicated to Metallurgy.

So, all the, most of the facilities

from MSB, we will be moving there

including all the faculty members.

We have about thirty faculty rooms there,

four visiting faculty rooms,

things like that and

seminar hall, we may have to part with.

So, just...s,o next year if you

come, you would come to another seminar hall,

not to MSB 104 anymore.

That would belong to Applied Mechanics now.

So, Applied Mechanics do not have

enough space and they are also

growing in a big way.

So, the institute decided that MSB, that

part they will give it to Applied Mechanics

and then, we move to a new building.

Another contribution is,

ability to attract good faculty

to the department - Professor Padmanabhan.

He joined during your time? Yeah.

When I was the... Wonderful.

Who are the other faculty during your time?

Who joined as faculty?

S. K. Seshadri

Okay. Another Stalwart.

Yeah, yeah. Corrosion.

Yeah, yeah. Everybody knows.

Yeah he was, he was there.

Very good. So,

so, we had... it was a good this one -

attracting the good faculty and

then provide and also,

the building...the

infrastructure inside the True, true.

Department. You used to also work with a lot of

foundry industries here?

Another contribution, I believe is,

we had a system of external registration from industry.

Okay. So, I had

one Dr. Seshadri, M. S. Seshadri

From India Pistons. India pistons.

So, he is the chief metallurgist, so, Correct, correct.

he did his PhD with me.

And then, when I was

doing my master's, my engineering...

How I went to Indian Institute of Science is,

my metallurgy...the the person who taught me

metallurgy, Professor Rangaswami,

he did his master's in

Indian Institute of Science. Indian Institute of Science.

He only told us. Correct.

It is very difficult to get into this.

So, our interest was...that is how

I went to Indian Institute of Science. True, true, true.

And, Professor Rangaswami. That was my dream, when I was

doing my undergrad also.

And, Professor Rangaswami, he was a;

he was a professor, but he

wanted to become a head of the...the PhD.

So, he did his PhD with me.

My teacher, Okay.

became my student. Your

teacher became your student, very strange. So,

that was... Yeah, very unique

opportunity you had.

That was very nice. And later on, That is great, that is great.

another two of my classmates from

Your BTech Engineering. University College of Engineering,

they also got their PhD with me. With you.

And then, from Ennore Foundries.

Ennore Foundries. Now, I think, it is called Hinduja Foundry.

Correct. Ennore Foundries, so

there... one of my student, is now working there. Yeah.

Two people, Dr. Venkoba Rao,

so, he did his PhD with me.

Very good, very good .And, Dr. Janagan,

so, he did his PhD. Totally about 20 people

did their PhD with me. Wonderful, wonderful.

So, that was a good industrial

That's true, that's true. relationship.

Yeah. I heard, So.

for quite some time, people used to say

that you brought a very good industrial

phase to the department.

Yeah. Particularly in the foundry area.

Yeah. That is amazing.

Another major contribution is...

it is very difficult to deal with magnesium.

So. So, my student from...we had a

very good relationship with the DRDL,

Defence Research and Development. Correct.

So, one of my student, Dr. Sundarajan,

who was the who did his master's here.

He did his project work with me.

He became a scientist in DRDL. DRDL.

So, he wanted to do his PhD, PhD.

on a magnesium alloys. Very good.

At that time, Dr. Abdul Kalam

was the director of Okay.

DRDL. DRDL.

Later on, of course, a Air Vice

Marshal. Narayanan, also Ok

was there. They were all interested in

magnesium, because Wonderful, wonderful.

it is very difficult to import

Very good. magnesium

alloys. Plus, Very good. True.

at that time, they were developing Prithvi.

Prithvi, they wanted

Prithvi. a lighter one.

It is a magnesium...

Correct. case is a magnesium casting.

So, I was a consultant to DRDL.

So, they took me to...

Incidentally, Sunderajan, later

became director of NIT Trichy. I know, I know.

I am in touch, I am in touch.

Now, recently actually, Dr. C. G. K. Nayar,

who was also a student from here,

who was the chairman of HAL, he is talking of

starting a big, you know,

initiative on magnesium,

because magnesium, somehow,

slowly died down in India.

So, the particularly, not just the

casting of magnesium,

but the extractive metallurgy of magnesium,

and then taking it in a big way because,

both aerospace and also automotive industry are

thinking in a big way

to bring magnesium into their, you know, components.

So, so, I think, your initial contributions

are going to be useful now. Yeah.

So, I was very happy.

Good, good . One day,

I stayed in Hyderabad

for 10 days. At DRDL,

in the in their campus until Very good.

the casting is poured and

everything, so. Very good, very good.

That, I believe is

my, I was very happy to be associated Wonderful, wonderful.

with that project for the Prithvi.

So, that was the... Okay,

but at some stage you moved to US, I heard?

Yeah. Okay.

So, when was this, Professor?

What happened was,

I knew for the industry to be, this one,

ISO 9000 is very important.

So, I had

an Industrial Consultants Centre.

So, at that time, Professor Raju was the

Dean of the Okay.

Industrial Consultancy also.

So, to get a auditor certification,

So, you have to

pay about 20000 rupees in those days, okay. Okay.

So, I requested whether I can use my

industrial consultancy money...my own this...

So, he said, "you can go to Delhi."

So, I went there, to Delhi

to get certified

Certified. as an ISO 9000 auditor.

Auditor. Okay, I am, I am a lead auditor.

So, you are a lead auditor. Lead auditor course.

So, that is this one.

Okay. Plus, I also had,

at that time, solidification simulation,

I had my small packages etcetera.

So, I used to go to US

to present my papers etcetera. Yeah, in conferences.

So, one of my friends,

when he came over here,

just gave me a resume,

just to see whether there is an opportunity.

Before that, actually, I

applied to one University in Canada.

Okay. I had an offer, okay, to go,

but, meanwhile, Maynard Steel Casting Company,

they were looking for a person

Okay. Who is familiar with solidification

simulation software. Simulation

Plus, they have also wanted

an ISO 9000 auditor skills.

I had both of them. Okay.

So, just I, so I took 2 years of sabbatical,

Okay. in those days. So, I took the sabbatical

and... Which year was that?

1993. So, '93, okay.

1993, we went there

and then, So, 26 years after you joined here.

Yeah. Okay.

And then, after I went there,

so, my children were there...

so, they wanted to stay over there. Stay, yeah.

So, then. So, I retired So.

so, in 1995. Okay.

I retired. And then, so, After 2 years of sabbatical.

stay...stay put over there in the...

I was a director of quality.

Now, I have been the chief metallurgist

for the last 5 years. Yeah.

My wife also works with me.

Okay. So, and so, she develops

all the documentation for

So now, it is about 25 years ISO 9000.

Yeah, yeah . you have been there?

So, what was the major difference

that you found when compared to the industry

here and the industry there? Yeah,

what I notice is,

the industries remain the same, but

from the academic if you want to see,

especially in steel...

Here, metal casting and metal joining. Steel

metal joining is a part of casting.

Yes. There is nothing like metal joining

separate and metal casting.

So, and heat treatment. Heat treatment.

So, as a chief metallurgist, my job is...

one third is to specifications.

Specification, specification, specifications, that is it.

The second one is, metal joining.

Metal joining. Even, how to get a

qualified procedure.

That itself is a... Correct.

we do not teach in academic. Today, True, true.

if I were to be a professor,

I believe, it will be slightly...I will design a

programme in such a way,

ideally suited for the industry.

So, metal casting programme. Metal casting.

So, incorporate metal joining

Metal joining. and teach specifications.

Specifications, ASTM specifications. Sure.

They didn't specifications...it is all about specifications.

And then, heat treatment.

Heat treatment here is a as a separate, as a

Metal casting. Heat treatment is a separate,

it is all about heat treatments. Steel is nothing but

Obviously, obviously. heat treatment.

So, that is the. And of course, now

now with the industry in

US, the only thing is,

we have to make money, thats it. Yeah.

They do not care

who you are, what, as long as you generate

wealth. Correct, correct.

You generate wealth only if you can

help the company to make money. Make money.

So, you should have the skills of Of

how to help the company... Making quality product.

good quality products. And then, less defects.

Less defects. More productivity, yeah,

and more like that.

You raised this...

that is one of the things -

productivity is the key.

Key, productivity and... Obviously.

You may not know, many people, many industries,

do not even have the metrics of

how to define the productivity, okay.

Many people just - man hours per tonne.

So, that itself, there is a

quite a lot of scope. You may not believe,

that on average,

US industry or any industry lose

about 5 to 10 percent of their revenue

in quality cost. Quality cost, yeah.

It is a enormous amount.

In a 30 billion dollar industry, it is about Correct.

three billion per year. Three billion per year.

that is amazing. So, I made a

presentations and publications etcetera,

how to improve the productivity?

So, I am also, I used to teach

Six Sigma... You are also associated with

some academic institutions there in US?

I am an adjunct professor in

University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Okay.

Okay, I work one day in a week. I work

4 days in this one, 4 days in the industry.

So. And, 1 day in...

So, so what happened was,

the MagmaSoft, I have been using

for the last 25 years.

So, the president of MagmaSoft said,

"I will give 5 licences, each."

Licence cost 80000 dollars.

So, he gave 5 licences to UWM,

and said, "Roshan, teach us